Disclosure of errors is an express ethical obligation in the medical profession. “Non-disclosure of medical errors to patients and/or their families is a violation of ethical principles and cannot ever be justified,” (Edwin, 2009, p. 34). The American Medical Association underscores the importance of honesty in the physician-client relationship, and that relationship is tacitly extended to include the healthcare institution’s relationship with the surviving family. In “One Small Cut That Killed,” Dr. Contadina is doing what has actually become normative, common practice in healthcare. As Tabler (2013) points out, “in a subsequent civil suit by the patient, the apology could be admitted into evidence against the physician, and it wouldn’t be excluded on the grounds of hearsay,” (p. 1). Therefore, Dr. Contadina is acting logically, out of self-interest. If the healthcare institution’s ethical standards are patient-centric, ascribing to the basic principles of honesty and integrity, then the hospital administrator needs to disclose what happened, requiring Dr. Contadina to directly communicate with and apologize to the family. Indeed, many institutions in the United States have begun to develop cohesive protocols for error admission. Encouraging honesty and a climate of respect for all patients and families, the policies...

Some states have even ensconced apology protocols into law. According to Tabler (2013), there are two categories of apology laws. One type completely protects the physician from legal liability, essentially making it so that the apology cannot be used as an admission of guilt or wrongdoing. The other type of apology law protects the physician only if there is an apology but not if doctor admits to actual error (Tabler, 2013). Clearly, the main reason why physicians and even their presiding institutions may disclose information is to preserve their self-interest in avoiding costly lawsuits. These laws recognize the financial incentive to withhold information, while also encouraging the higher ethical standard of honesty, integrity, and respect for others. Edwin (2009) also states that disclosure protects patient autonomy by empowering the person and the family with information; avoids maleficence by refraining from lying, and of course provides for the principles of justice and fidelity.
Disclosing and apologizing, as well as making amends, serves several ethical purposes; withholding information or refusing to apologize actually serves no real ethical function with the exception of ethical egoism. One ethical function of disclosure is to promote…